「文明化」(Bunmei ka [Civilizing process])

Norbert Elias, Commentary on 'Civilisation'. Unpredictable medieval life was full of capricious and emotional behaviour. In contrast, the formation of the modern state based on monopolies of violence and taxation, the development of the market economy and the competition for differentiation in upper-class society led to the spread of social rules that forced self-regulation of emotions and behaviour. This unintended, long-term change in the structure of human behaviour and emotions is referred to as civilisation.