Between Social Catholicism and Integrialism: Toniolo’s “Network”

In the light of unpublished documentation preserved in the Archivio Apostolico Vaticano, the essay studies the relations between Giuseppe Toniolo and Pius X, with reference to practical modernism and its consequences on the social action of Catholics, the reorganisation of Catholic action [azione cattolica], the controversy between confessionality and neutrality for Catholics in the social field, the organisation of Catholic trade unions. Toniolo's views on obedience to the Roman Pontiff and anti-modernism are highlighted.