Defense and security landscape are in constant change, driven by technological advancements and geopolitical factors. Hybrid conflict became a popular concept in military discussions and is already prevalent and widespread. Emerging and disruptive technologies have a major impact on existing technologies that disrupt or reverse traditional methods and practices, and can revolutionize government structures, economy, society, and international security. Some argue that such technologies will give rise to apocalyptic scenarios, and that their military applications have even greater potential than nuclear weapons to radically change the balance of power. Several technological solutions, like commercial drones or Internet applications, are “on the shelf”, accessible at low costs to non-state groups or actors, and therefore typically used in hybrid conflicts. As we look to future international security landscape, whether dominated by globalized non-state actors or by states engaged in permanent regional conflicts in areas of strategic interest, new competitors, new science, and new technology will emerge. Future discoveries can significantly alter military capabilities and impact international relations and the global balance of power. Decisions and political choices made today influence science and technology, with an impact on the future ability to respond to such challenges. In this context, the research scrutinizes the changing strategic environment and the impact of science and technology on how military operations will be planned and conducted in the future across the full spectrum, i.e., in all the dimensions/domains, and the role of the special forces. Technologies, such as artificial intelligence, have grabbed widespread attention, not only among political and military leaders, but also in the media and in the broader audience. Other technologies are less popular but may have a significant impact in the future. Dual-use technologies, solutions that can be used for both civilian and military applications, regardless of the primary use for which they were conceived –missile technology, nuclear energy, Internet, the global positioning system (GPS), unmanned and autonomous systems, artificial intelligence, machine learning, directed energy weapons, immersive reality enhanced by the metaverse itself, just to name a few – will play a pivotal role in strategic issues. Shaped by technology advancements, the metaverse emerges as an opportunity and a challenge, raising serious questions about its use and regulation. Starting from a comparative analysis of the major doctrines and policies, in the context the political and military alliances Italy is affiliated with, the essay examines all the elements relevant to the research topic, including technological issues, and aims to provide a meaningful perspective for the strategic choices for the next decades.

Lo scenario di difesa e sicurezza sta cambiando, sotto la spinta dell’evoluzione tecnologica, della tipologia prevalente di conflitto, quello ibrido, e dei fattori geopolitici. Le tecnologie emergenti e dirompenti hanno, sulle tecnologie già esistenti, un effetto catalizzatore tale da sconvolgere o invertire i metodi e le pratiche tradizionali, al punto da poter rivoluzionare le strutture governative, l’economia, la società, e la sicurezza internazionale. Alcuni sostengono che tali tecnologie produrranno scenari apocalittici, e che le loro applicazioni militari sono potenzialmente in grado di cambiare radicalmente gli equilibri di potere, ancor più delle armi nucleari. Mentre guardiamo ai futuri scenari della sicurezza internazionale, siano essi dominati da attori non statali globalizzati, o da stati impegnati in persistenti conflitti regionali in aree di interesse strategico, nuovi avversari, nuova scienza, e nuova tecnologia emergeranno. Le scelte politiche assunte oggi, influenzano la scienza e la tecnologia, con una ricaduta sulla capacità futura di rispondere a tali sfide. In questo contesto, la ricerca esamina il mutevole ambiente strategico in cui le operazioni di difesa e sicurezza sono pianificate e condotte, e come esse influiscano oggi sulle scelte e sulle politiche tecnologiche, in previsione del ruolo che scienza e tecnologia potrebbero svolgere in futuro. Alcune tecnologie, come l’intelligenza artificiale, hanno catturato grande attenzione a livello globale, non solo presso i leader politici e militari, ma anche presso i media ed il pubblico in generale, mentre altre potrebbero essere meno conosciute, ma non per questo meno rilevanti in futuro. L’impatto delle nuove tecnologie discusse all'interno di questa ricerca, così come le scoperte future, possono alterare in modo significativo le capacità militari, e influire sulle relazioni internazionali e sugli equilibri geopolitici, con potenziali ripercussioni socioeconomiche, sia a livello nazionale, che nel quadro delle alleanze. Poiché una caratteristica di alcune tecnologie è l’accessibilità, ovvero l’essere a disposizione, a bassi costi, anche a gruppi o attori non statali, configurandosi, proprio per tale motivo, come strumenti tipici in contesti ibridi, questa ricerca ne analizza il potenziale impiego da parte delle forze speciali lungo tutto lo spettro dell’ambiente operativo, con ciò fondendo l'ambiente cyber e spaziale insieme ai tradizionali domini di terra, mare, e aria. In questo quadro, il metaverso si pone, da un lato, come un’opportunità, e dall’altro come una sfida. Tecnologie dual-use, ovvero suscettibili di utilizzi sia civili che militari, a prescindere dall’uso primario per le quali sono state concepite – si pensi alla tecnologia missilistica, all’energia nucleare, a Internet, al sistema di posizionamento globale GPS, ai droni all’intelligenza artificiale, al machine learning, al laser, alla realtà immersiva potenziata dallo stesso metaverso, solo per fare alcuni esempi – pongono seri interrogativi circa il loro impiego e la loro regolamentazione. Muovendo da un’analisi comparativa della dottrina e della policy dominante, nel contesto delle alleanze politico-militari dell’Italia, l’elaborato esamina tutti gli elementi utili ad inquadrare correttamente il tema della ricerca, ivi compresi gli aspetti tecnologici, e cercando, così, di fornire una prospettiva utile a definire le scelte strategiche per il prossimo decennio.

L'evoluzione delle forze speciali nelle Multi Domain Operations (MDO). La necessaria capacità di operare nell'ambiente cyber e spaziale. La capacità di utilizzo del metaverso

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Abstract

Defense and security landscape are in constant change, driven by technological advancements and geopolitical factors. Hybrid conflict became a popular concept in military discussions and is already prevalent and widespread. Emerging and disruptive technologies have a major impact on existing technologies that disrupt or reverse traditional methods and practices, and can revolutionize government structures, economy, society, and international security. Some argue that such technologies will give rise to apocalyptic scenarios, and that their military applications have even greater potential than nuclear weapons to radically change the balance of power. Several technological solutions, like commercial drones or Internet applications, are “on the shelf”, accessible at low costs to non-state groups or actors, and therefore typically used in hybrid conflicts. As we look to future international security landscape, whether dominated by globalized non-state actors or by states engaged in permanent regional conflicts in areas of strategic interest, new competitors, new science, and new technology will emerge. Future discoveries can significantly alter military capabilities and impact international relations and the global balance of power. Decisions and political choices made today influence science and technology, with an impact on the future ability to respond to such challenges. In this context, the research scrutinizes the changing strategic environment and the impact of science and technology on how military operations will be planned and conducted in the future across the full spectrum, i.e., in all the dimensions/domains, and the role of the special forces. Technologies, such as artificial intelligence, have grabbed widespread attention, not only among political and military leaders, but also in the media and in the broader audience. Other technologies are less popular but may have a significant impact in the future. Dual-use technologies, solutions that can be used for both civilian and military applications, regardless of the primary use for which they were conceived –missile technology, nuclear energy, Internet, the global positioning system (GPS), unmanned and autonomous systems, artificial intelligence, machine learning, directed energy weapons, immersive reality enhanced by the metaverse itself, just to name a few – will play a pivotal role in strategic issues. Shaped by technology advancements, the metaverse emerges as an opportunity and a challenge, raising serious questions about its use and regulation. Starting from a comparative analysis of the major doctrines and policies, in the context the political and military alliances Italy is affiliated with, the essay examines all the elements relevant to the research topic, including technological issues, and aims to provide a meaningful perspective for the strategic choices for the next decades.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10278/5043791
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